"In this paper, the term ‘functive’ is used with the following definition: (1) A functive phrase is either a noun phrase headed by a noun N normally used to refer to concrete entities (animate beings or concrete things), or the combination of such a noun phrase with an adposition. (2) A functive phrase is syntactically a direct dependent of the verbal head of the clause. (3) A functive phrase does not refer to a participant identifiable as an N and distinct from the participants referred to by the other noun phrases in the construction of the same verb, but predicates the property of fulfilling the role of an N, taking one of the participants as its argument." (Creissels 2014: 606)