(By Jae Jung Song): "The causative construction is a linguistic expression which denotes a complex situation consisting of two component events (Comrie 1989: 165-166; Song 2001: 256-259): (i) the causing event, in which the causer does or initiates something; and (ii) the caused event, in which the causee carries out an action, or undergoes a change of condition or state as a result of the causer’s action. ❡
Nonperiphrastic causative constructions are causative expressions with the following three properties. First, the expression of the causer’s action (e.g. -ase in (1)) and the expression of effect (e.g. ik- in (1)) must both be contained in one and the same predicate, which may consist of one or more verbs (e.g. one verb ik-ase- in (1), or two verbs me ŋò in (6) below). To put it differently, such causative expressions must be monoclausal. Second, the causer noun phrase must occupy a grammatically more ‘prominent’ position (e.g. the subject in (1)) than the causee noun phrase (the object in (1)). Third, the expression of the causer’s action, be it an affix or a separate verb, should be without specific meaning. In (1), the expression of cause -ase, as opposed to the expression of effect ik-, lacks specific meaning; all that is expressed by -ase is the pure notion of causation."